Humanity is on the verge of making one of two possible discoveries. The first discovery proves that intelligent extraterrestrial life exists somewhere in the universe, but provides no further information about where it is or what form it takes. The second discovery proves that no intelligent extraterrestrial life exists, and that humanity is alone. Either discovery would be irrefutable and universally accepted.

For the purposes of this debate, a world of immanent justice is one where morally good actions directly tend to bring good fortune and morally bad actions directly tend to bring misfortune, based on humanity's prevailing and aggregated moral consensus. The rewards and punishments are proportional to the significance of the action and occur through ordinary events rather than any identifiable supernatural intervention. People are aware that this system exists.

In the alternate world of Paraiso, all material resources are infinite and non-rival. Humans live forever, cannot sustain injury, and experience no form of physical suffering.

The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) is a Philippine government agency responsible for classification and review of TV programs, Movies and home videos. It also has the ability to censor the aforementioned media. In 2025, a senate bill was passed expanding the authority of the MTRCB to also be able to regulate digital media platforms, particularly streaming.

Reconciliation narratives focus on coexistence, mutual understanding, and shared futures between divided communities. Resistance narratives center on injustice, confrontation, and political struggle against oppression.

Community churches are local religious congregations that prioritize serving their immediate neighborhood or area. They may either be non-denominational or represent large denominations but with distinct interpretations and practices.

Ijtihad refers to the exercise of independent legal reasoning by qualified Islamic scholars to derive new rulings or reexamine existing ones. Most mainstream Islamic jurisprudence today defaults to Taqlid, or adherence to established scholarly consensus.

Forward guidance refers to direct central bank communication about the likely future path of monetary policy, especially interest rates. It is largely aimed at guiding financial markets.

Labor hoarding is when companies retain employees during downturns or periods of low demand rather than laying them off.

'Tiis femininity' refers to gender norms that associate ideal womanhood with endurance, self-sacrifice, and patience. This is propagated and reinforced by women.

Uruguay has increasingly pursued stronger economic ties with Asia-Pacific economies through expanded trade with China and its application to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), a major Asia-Pacific free trade agreement that lowers trade barriers among member states. MERCOSUR is a South American regional trade bloc founded in 1991 that promotes free trade, economic integration, and political cooperation among member states such as Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

In realism, states are generally viewed as prioritizing security, power, and competition in an anarchic international system. In liberalism, states are generally viewed as capable of achieving mutual benefit through cooperation, trade, and international institutions.

Laos has pursued a strategy of becoming the "Battery of Southeast Asia" by building large-scale hydroelectric dams and exporting electricity to neighboring countries such as Thailand and Vietnam. Many of these projects are financed and constructed by foreign investors, particularly from China, often through long-term concession or Build–Operate–Transfer agreements where ownership may eventually transfer to the Laos government after 25-30 years.

A firm-centric critique focuses on AI adoption being harmful to firms, such as integration being costly, unreliable, or not producing meaningful productivity gains. A worker-centric critique focuses on AI adoption being harmful to workers, such as it leading to job loss, wage suppression, or weakened bargaining power.

Dynamic pricing is a pricing system where delivery fees, service charges, or menu prices may vary based on factors such as demand, distance, weather conditions, traffic, time of day, or the availability of delivery riders.

Since coming to power in 2018, Abiy Ahmed has promoted an ideology called “Medemer,” an Amharic term often translated as “synergy” or “coming together.” The project seeks to strengthen a unified Ethiopian civic identity, centralize federal authority, weaken ethnically based political fragmentation, and reduce the power of regional militias and autonomous ethnic structures. Under Ethiopia’s 1995 constitution, the country is organized as an ethnic federation composed of regions defined by “nations, nationalities, and peoples,” each of which constitutionally possesses the right to self-determination, including secession.

“Françafrique” refers to the system of political, military, economic, and diplomatic influence maintained by France in many of its former African colonies after formal independence. This has historically included French military presence, defense agreements, business influence, political support for allied governments, and close institutional ties with former colonies across West and Central Africa.

Rwanda is one of the world’s largest contributors to international peacekeeping missions relative to its size and regularly deploys troops abroad in operations across Africa. These deployments generate significant international funding and support operations against insurgent groups in several countries. At the same time, Rwanda has faced international scrutiny over allegations that it has supported military operations in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

“Cybora” is a Filipino internet slang term referring to transgender women or femme-presenting queer individuals engaged in online sexual or erotic labor. This may include livestreaming, private calls, selling photos or videos, subscription-based content, and other forms of digital intimacy work commonly promoted through platforms like X, Telegram, and Reddit.

Aesthetic masculinity refers to forms of masculinity that are expressed and socially valued through appearance, curation, style, fitness, grooming, taste, and visual presentation rather than primarily through traditional traits like stoicism, physical dominance, or provision.

"Baby drag queens" refers to drag performers who are relatively new to the art form and are in the early stages of developing their drag careers.

Egotropic voting refers to voters making electoral choices based mostly on their assessment of their own or their household’s economic circumstances.

Sociotropic voting refers to voters making electoral choices based mostly on their assessment of broader economic conditions, such as the performance of the national economy.

Constitutional hardball refers to political actors using legally available tactics in ways that, while not violating the constitution, undermine democratic norms or institutions. Examples include partisan gerrymandering, expanding courts to change their ideological balance, or using procedural rules to block appointments and legislation.

The Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) is a Philippine government-owned corporation created in 1992 to transform former U.S. military bases into centers of economic growth. Among its projects are New Clark City, the John Hay Special Economic Zone in Baguio City, and Bonifacio Global City.

The American housing model is characterized by housing that often functions as a long-term appreciating asset, localized zoning authority, and strong homeowner influence. 

Japan's housing model is characterized by more centralized housing regulation, easier approval for redevelopment, and homes that commonly depreciate over time while land retains value.

There are two organizational forms of industrial production in the Philippine fashion industry. First is vertical disintegration, wherein networks of small, specialized firms carry out specific steps in the manufacturing process (e.g., Maria Kim Collection, Balikbayan Handicrafts, etc.).    

In contrast, vertical integration is when different manufacturing tasks are performed under unified managerial control, usually involving assembly lines (e.g., Bench/Body, Cinderella Clothing, etc.).

Biohacking refers to the use of experimental interventions to optimize health, performance, recovery, and longevity, with injecting peptides becoming increasingly prominent in these communities. Popular compounds include Tirzepatide and retatrutide for weight loss and metabolic control, alongside peptides such as GHK-Cu for skin and hair health, BPC-157 and TB-500 for tissue repair, and growth hormone secretagogues for recovery and muscle growth. These peptides are difficult to patent because the molecules are close to existing ones in nature.

Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are infections that patients develop during treatment in healthcare facilities that were not present at the time of admission, often due to invasive procedures, contaminated equipment, poor infection control, or transmission within hospitals. Common examples include ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.

Culture-bound syndromes are conditions in which physical or psychological distress is strongly shaped by cultural beliefs, social norms, and local understandings of illness, often without a single clear biomedical equivalent. Filipino examples include Bangungot, associated with terrifying nightmares, sleep paralysis, and sudden nocturnal death; Pasma, linked to weakness, numbness, and body pain believed to result from imbalance or overwork; Usog, commonly associated with fever, bloating, or discomfort after encounters with strangers; and Kabuhi, a Visayan folk illness involving epigastric pain, acidity, nausea, burping, and weakness often linked to stress, hunger, or fatigue.

[Infoslide for Motion A] Maratabat is a central Maranao cultural concept that emphasizes a deep sense of personal honor, pride, rank, and reputation. Most Filipino Muslim ethnicities such as the Maguindanao and Iranun have also adopted this concept, where the protection of familial pride, honor, and reputation must be protected at all costs.

[Infoslide for Motion C] For the purposes of this debate, pakikipamuhay refers to the practice of living with, associating with, and actively participating in marginalized communities over sustained periods of time. This is distinct from outreach culture, which is typically limited in duration and scope.